Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Dr. Richárd Berényi, Associate Professor, BME-ETT

Dr. Attila Géczy, Associate Professor, BME-ETT
Dr. Levente Dudás, Associate Professor, BME-HVT

The main objective of the course is to familiarise students with the physical fundamentals of electricity, which is essential in their profession and in everyday life, and its practical application in computing devices. An important aim of the course is to provide insight into the operation, circuitry and design of devices that execute programs.
Students are introduced to the conceptual framework of basic electrical quantities, and are introduced to the subject of electrical networks. Then, by describing sinusoidal and periodic signals and explaining transient behaviour, they move on to a more theoretical level where active electronic components can be studied in conceptual and simple working models. They are also introduced to the hardware fundamentals of digital technology by introducing the topic of integrated circuits. The fundamentals of electronic design and assembly techniques will also be introduced to develop a hardware approach. As an introductory, and at the same time systematic, topic, the perception of physical reality by sensors is covered.

It is important that the curriculum concludes with an example of a working circuit, so that the student can relate theory to practice.

During the laboratory exercises, students will learn the basics of laboratory work (equipment, basic requirements, report writing), the use of measuring instruments, simple signals, passive and active components. And by studying pulse parameters and circuit transients, they can link theory to practice and physical reality.

1. Introduction, purpose of the subject, requirements. Basic electrical quantities 1.

- Fundamentals of conductive, insulating, semiconducting properties.

- Electric charge, types, Coulomb's force law, electroscope.

- Electrical voltage, potential, QCU law.

- Electric field, electric charge storage, capacitor construction.

- Simple examples from everyday life. Connecting theoretical models with reality.

2: Electricity base quantities 2.

- Electricity.

- Current-carrying conductor magnetic field, solenoid and toroid coil.

- Lorenz power law, Lenz law, induction.

- Energy stored in electric and magnetic fields, work.

- Electric power.

3: Electricity base quantities 3.

- Resistance, Ohm's law.

- Real sources: voltage and current generator, internal resistance, no-load voltage, short-circuit current, clamp voltage.

- Chemical sources: dry cell, battery, properties. Mechanical sources: engine, generator plant. Photoelectric sources: solar cell, light bulb, LED.

4: Electricity networks:

- Kirchhoff laws.

- Voltage and current divider. Method of node potentials.

- Example solution: calculation of a series, parallel, mixed resistor network.

5: Sinusoidal and periodic signals:

- Amplitude, peak-to-peak, phase, frequency, periodic time, characteristic waveforms.

- Complex numbers, complex peak values in simple terms. Impedance basics.

- Transformer, voltage, speed, power, efficiency.

- The basics of serial RLC (resonant circuit).

6: Transient behaviour:

- Jump signal, transient capacitor RZ, coil SZ.

- Square wave excitation, forward propagation for digital data transmission.

- The concept of a time constant.

- rise and fall times.

- Delay time.

7: Active electronic components 1:

- Basics of semiconductor operation.

- Semiconductor diode, structure, equation, characteristics, LED.

- Bipolar transistor structure, transistor effect, operating conditions, design conditions, 2 transistor basic equation + BE diode equation.

8: Active electronic components 2:

- Bipolar transistor, amplifier and switch operation.

- Structure, operation, characteristics, amplifier and switching operation of a quad-circuit MOS transistor.

- CMOS basics.

- 9: Operational amplifier:

- Model, basic operation.

- Non-inverting, inverting amplifier, comparator.

- Operational amplifier components, leg assignment, supply voltages, simple audio case study.

10: Digital Electronics Basics:

- NAME system, truth table.

- Inverter with bipolar and MOS transistor.

- DDR AND gateway implementation.

- DDR OR gateway implementation.

- NAND, NOR, XOR - CMOS implementations.

- 1 bit info storage as SRAM cell (quasi D-flip-flop).

11: Construction:

- Structure of electronic systems.

- System design from the idea to the finished electronic construction.

- Power supply, fixing, boxing, connectors, connections.

- Earthing, double insulation, contact protection, ergonomics.

12: Electronics assembly technology:

- R, L, C, D, T, IC encapsulations, forms of appearance.

- Drilling.

- Surface mounting.

- Manual soldering, assembly in mass production.

13: Sensing physical reality with electrical output devices, sensing.

- The concept of sensor and its place in electronic systems.

- Examples of sensors: light detection. Light sensing, Temperature sensing, MEMS acceleration sensor, Pressure sensor.

14: Systems engineering, extra session.

- Block diagram of the implemented example circuit.

- Interpretation of wiring diagram.

- Presentation of PCB.

- 3D presentation of PCB.

- In-house printed wiring plate design.

- Printed wiring plate design tutorial - sample circuit.

- Demonstration of the physical hardware, referring back to what has been learned so far, demonstration.

Lab 1: Introduction to the laboratory, requirements, accident and fire training.

- Introduction to the protocol writing process, basic requirements and structure of a good measurement protocol.

- Getting to know the instruments used.

- Basic measurement of DC and AC signals.

- Basic measurement of passive components.

Lab 2: Testing active electronic devices.

- Diode, LED, bipolar, field-effect transistor testing.

- Investigation of basic circuit connections.

Lab 3: Time domain signal analysis:

- Amplifier and switch power supply testing.

- Examination of pulse parameters: rise and fall times, delay, time constant.

At the beginning of the laboratory sessions, a short (about 15 minutes) level assessment is written, which can be prepared from pre-issued measurement aids.

There will also be a summative assessment (final exam) during the semester.

A signature is obtained by the student who has fulfilled all the following conditions:
- Successfully participated in all three laboratory exercises, i.e.
- successfully completed the entry level assessment, performed and documented the measurement tasks to a satisfactory standard.
At least a satisfactory level in the final exam.
During the exam period The course ends with a written exam, which determines the final grade.

During the exam period:
The course ends with a written exam, which determines the final grade.

According to the Code of Studies, there is a one-off possibility to supplement or improve the summative assessment. During the make-up period, an additional make-up exam will be held.

One laboratory session can be made up during the semester, typically at the end of the semester during the make-up period.

The percentage of extra tasks scored in the summative assessment is 25%.

Plus IMSc points can be earned above a 75% pass mark in the summative assessments.

The maximum IMSc score in the subject is 15.

IMSc credits are also available to students who do not participate in the programme.